In re Pure Resources, Inc. Shareholders Litigation (2002): what Delaware LLC founders should know
Plain-English summary of In re Pure Resources, Inc. Shareholders Litigation, 808 A.2d 421 (Del. Ch. 2002): the facts, the holding, why it matters for Delaware corporate and LLC governance, and the practical takeaway for non-resident founders.
Case at a glance
- Case name: In re Pure Resources, Inc. Shareholders Litigation
- Year: 2002
- Court: Delaware Court of Chancery
- Citation: 808 A.2d 421 (Del. Ch. 2002)
- Category: Fiduciary Duty
The facts
Unocal's two-step tender offer freeze-out of Pure Resources minority.
The holding
Tender-offer freeze-outs require specific procedural protections for minority.
Why this case matters
Procedural framework for two-step deals.
What this means for Delaware LLC founders
Relevant in roll-up transactions.
How In re Pure Resources applies to your LLC
For solo single-member Delaware LLC founders, most fiduciary-duty cases have limited direct application: there is no co-member to owe duties to, and creditor-fiduciary-duty exposure arises only after actual insolvency. The cases become more relevant as the LLC grows:
- Adding co-founders or investors: multi-member LLCs face the full range of fiduciary-duty analysis, though Operating Agreements can modify duties under § 18-1101.
- Manager-managed structures: when non-member managers run the LLC, they owe fiduciary duties to members by default (§ 18-1104).
- Sale or merger transactions: Revlon and Unocal duties translate to LLC change-of-control transactions.
- Member disputes: Court of Chancery jurisdiction over Operating Agreement disputes applies the body of Delaware case law as guidance.
Primary source
The full text of In re Pure Resources, Inc. Shareholders Litigation is available through Westlaw, LexisNexis, and Google Scholar. The Delaware Court of Chancery publishes opinions at courts.delaware.gov/chancery. The Delaware Supreme Court publishes opinions at courts.delaware.gov/supreme.
Related cases and concepts
For broader Delaware corporate and LLC case law context, see our coverage of the business judgment rule, fiduciary duties, Delaware Court of Chancery, and the Delaware LLC Act. The Delaware Limited Liability Company Act sections (6 Del. C. § 18-101 et seq.) interact with the body of Delaware case law to define LLC governance.
Frequently asked questions
What is a Delaware LLC?
A Delaware LLC is a limited liability company formed under Delaware Title 6 Chapter 18 (the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act). It provides limited liability to its members while allowing pass-through taxation by default. Delaware LLCs are popular among non-resident founders because Delaware allows formation without requiring the owner to be a US citizen or US resident.
Can a non-US resident form a Delaware LLC?
Yes. Non-US residents can form a Delaware LLC without a Social Security Number, US address, or US presence. You need a passport for identity verification, an EIN for IRS purposes, and a Delaware Registered Agent. Delewarellc forms Delaware LLCs for non-resident founders for $297 plus the $110 Delaware state fee.
What does a Delaware LLC cost?
Delaware LLC year-one costs are $110 state filing fee plus registered agent fees ($50-$179/year depending on provider) plus optional service fees. Delewarellc charges $297 plus the state fee for full formation including registered agent for Year 1, EIN application, Operating Agreement, and bank account applications.
Do I need a US address to form a Delaware LLC?
No. You do not need a personal US address. The Delaware LLC needs a registered agent address (which Delewarellc provides) and an address for IRS correspondence (which can be your home address abroad).
First-party context
Delewarellc charges $297 plus the Delaware state fee one-time. No annual compliance fees and no auto-renewals beyond the registered agent. Delewarellc explicitly warns non-resident founders about Form 5472 during onboarding. Most services do not proactively flag this $25,000-penalty requirement.
Primary sources cited
- Delaware LLCs pay a flat $300 annual franchise tax due June 1, regardless of revenue or member count. Delaware Code Title 6 § 18-1107(b)
- Delaware Certificate of Formation filing fee is $110. corp.delaware.gov fee schedule 2026
- The IRS Form 5472 penalty for non-residents who miss filing is $25,000 per occurrence. IRS Instructions for Form 5472
- An EIN (Employer Identification Number) can be obtained without an SSN by non-residents via IRS Form SS-4. IRS Form SS-4 Instructions
Related resources
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